23-20: The Basics of Ion Exchange SofteningThis paper discusses a recent inquiry to our technical department about minimizing wastewater from an ion exchange softener. We first will review the basics of ion exchange softening, then explain the process of calculating efficiency. As an appendix to the paper, we have included a glossary of commonly used softening terms along with a list of mathematical relationships, helpful conversions, and additional information for the reader, so that they can

By choice or mandate

the ‘jump’ to the industrial market was logical

either partially or totally placed below grade

many processes have been evaluated over the last couple of years with the objective of significantly reducing or completely eliminating this waste stream

the form of electrically charged particles (metallic ions)

the selection and/or application of micro biocides is becoming typical

A further mechanistic investigation has revealed the mode of action of HPA as a true corrosion inhibitor in a range of water chemistries and application conditions

peracetic acid

Metal electrodes are exposed to various corrosion inhibitors and

splash cooling designs

The new fill was rigidly supported from beneath

sustainability initiatives and supply chain issues have increased the complexity of successful selection of materials of construction due to the use of poorer-quality make-up waters